ISIBUYEKEZO, 16.08.2024: Igebe emthethweni esiliveze esihlokweni esilandelayo selicacisiwe emhlahlandleleni osanda kushicilelwa.
UMHLAHLANDLELA MAYELANA NOMTHETHONQUBO WEKHODI YOKUDLA YASETURKEY WEZIMANGALO ZOMSOCO
USUKU LOKUSHICILELWA KWESIHLOKO, 15.04.2023
Ake sihlole ndawonye izimangalo zomsoco eziphathelene noshukela. Ngibonile ukuthi umthetho unezingxenye ezingacacile nezingaphelele, awuqondwa ngokugcwele embonini, nokuthi kukhona ngisho nokulebula okungalungile emakethe.
Ukuze sihlole lolu daba, sizobhekisela emthethweni wokudla waseTurkey, emthethweni ojwayelekile wokudla weNyunyana YaseYurophu, ku-EFSA, ku-FDA, ku-WHO naku-Codex Alimentarius.
Ingxenye 1: Isimangalo esithi “akunashukela”
Okokuqala ake sibheke isigatshana somthetho wokudla waseTurkey esichaza ukuthi yikuphi ukudla okungalebulwa ngokuthi “akunashukela” nangokuthi “awufakwanga ushukela”.
| Ushukela | Inani eliphansi | Ushukela ose-100 g wokudla okuqinile akufanele weqe ku-5 g; noma ushukela ose-100 mL wokudla okuwuketshezi akufanele weqe ku-2,5 g. |
|---|---|---|
| Akunashukela | Ushukela ose-100 g wokudla okuqinile noma ose-100 mL wokudla okuwuketshezi akufanele weqe ku-0,5 g. | |
| Awufakwanga ushukela | Ukudla akufanele kuqukathe noma iyiphi i-monosaccharide noma i-disaccharide noma okunye ukudla okufakwe ngenxa yezakhiwo zako zokunandisa. Uma ushukela ukhona ngokwemvelo ekudleni, ilebula kufanele nakanjani ibe namazwi athi “KUQUKETHE USHUKELA OVELE UKHONA NGOKWEMVELO”. |
Inothi 1: Asihloli isimangalo senani eliphansi kulesi sihloko, ngoba ukuqonda isigatshana esithi “akunashukela” kuzosiza nasekuqondeni isigatshana senani eliphansi.
Njengoba sibona esigatshaneni esingenhla, ukuze ukudla kuchazwe futhi kulebulwe ngokuthi “akunashukela”, akufanele kuqukathe ushukela ongaphezu kuka-0,5 %.
Isigatshana sicacile, kodwa ukuze sisiqonde kudingeka sibheke incazelo kashukela.
Kungavela umbuzo othi: ingabe kufanele sibale ama-polyol njengoshukela? Ngoba i-sorbitol iyi-monosaccharide kanti i-maltitol iyi-disaccharide.
Yilapha kanye lapho kungavela khona ukudideka.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukudla okuqukethe i-maltitol okunoshukela ongu-0,3 g ku-100 g kungalebulwa ngokuthi “akunashukela” yini?
Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufanele siqale sibheke incazelo kashukela.
Incazelo kashukela
ı) Ushukela: wonke ama-monosaccharide nama-disaccharide akhona ekudleni, ngaphandle kwama-polyol.
Ngalokhu, uma ukudla kuqukethe ushukela ongu-0,5 g noma ongaphansi ku-100 g, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhona ngokwemvelo noma ufakwe ngesikhathi sokucubungula, kungalebulwa ngokuthi “akunashukela”.
Inothi 2: ETurkey, awukho umthetho esingaphansi kwawo othi ukuze ukudla kulebulwe ngokuthi “akunashukela”, kufanele kungabi khona ushukela owafakwa kukho.
Uma sibuyela embuzweni ongenhla, ukudla okuqukethe i-maltitol noma amanye ama-polyol kungalebulwa ngokuthi “akunashukela” uma kuhlangabezana nemibandela yaleso simangalo.
Ingxenye 2: Awufakwanga ushukela
ISIGABA 1 [2.1]
Ake siphendukele esimangalweni esithi “awufakwanga ushukela”.
Lesi simangalo sibonakala siyinkimbinkimbi, nomthetho awukasicacisi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlangano ezine ezigunyaziwe — i-EU/EFSA, i-FDA, i-FAO/Codex Alimentarius ne-WHO — ziyehluka encazelweni kashukela kulolu daba.
Kubonakala sengathi umthetho we-EU, okubhekiselwa kuwo emthethweni wokudla waseTurkey, awulucacisi ngokuphelele lolu daba futhi uyavumelana nezimo kakhulu kunendlela ye-FDA, ye-Codex Alimentarius ne-WHO.
Kulezi zinhlangano ezine, i-FDA ne-FAO/Codex Alimentarius yizo ezilubheka ngokuqinile kakhulu lolu daba futhi zilucacisa ngokuphelele.
Ngezansi kunezifinyezo zezincazelo neziqondiso zalezi zinhlangano ezine.
Umthetho weNyunyana YaseYurophu (EU 2011)
Umthetho weNyunyana YaseYurophu (EU 2011) uchaza ushukela ngokuthi “wonke ama-monosaccharide nama-disaccharide akhona ekudleni, ngaphandle kwama-polyol”. Ukudla okungenashukela owengeziwe kuchazwa njengokudla okungenawo “noma yimaphi ama-monosaccharide noma ama-disaccharide afakiwe”, noma okungenakho “noma yikuphi ukudla okufakiwe okuqukethe ama-monosaccharide noma ama-disaccharide okusetshenziselwa izakhiwo zako zokunandisa” (EC 2008, EU 2011).
EFSA (Isiphathimandla SaseYurophu Sokuphepha Kokudla)
Isiphathimandla SaseYurophu Sokuphepha Kokudla (EFSA), embonweni waso wesayensi mayelana namanani ayizinkomba zokudla ama-carbohydrate nefayibha yokudla (EFSA 2010a), sichaza ushukela owengeziwe ngokuthi “i-sucrose, i-fructose, i-glucose, imikhiqizo ye-hydrolysis yesitashi (isiraphu ye-glucose, isiraphu ene-fructose eningi) namanye amalungiselelo kashukela ahlukanisiwe asetshenziswa enjalo noma afakwe ngesikhathi sokulungiselela nokukhiqiza ukudla” (kungabalwa ushukela okhona kujusi yezithelo enganandisiwe noma ojwini njengoshukela owengeziwe). Ushukela ophelele uyisamba sikashukela owengeziwe noshukela wangaphakathi okhona ezithelweni, emifinweni nasezinhlamvini, kanye ne-lactose emikhiqizweni yobisi. ISikhungo Sezokwelapha saseMelika (IoM) sinikeza incazelo efanayo kashukela owengeziwe (IOM 2006).
WHO (Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba)
NgokweNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (WHO 2015), igama elithi ushukela lihlanganisa ushukela wangaphakathi oyingxenye yesakhiwo sezithelo nemifino engakaphazamiseki; ushukela okhona ngokwemvelo obisini (i-lactose ne-galactose); noshukela okhululekile, okungukuthi “ama-monosaccharide nama-disaccharide afakwa ekudleni naseziphuzweni ngumkhiqizi, umpheki noma umthengi, kanye noshukela okhona ngokwemvelo ojwini, kumasiraphu, kumajusi ezithelo nakumajusi ezithelo ajiyisiwe”. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezincazelo ze-EFSA ne-WHO ukuthi “ushukela okhululekile” we-WHO awuhlanganisi nje wonke ushukela ofakwa ekudleni ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza noma ngumthengi, kodwa uhlanganisa nalowo okhona kujusi yezithelo, ojwini noma kumasiraphu.
FDA (Inhlangano Yokudla Nemithi)
EMelika, iNhlangano Yokudla Nemithi (FDA 2017) ithi “incazelo kashukela owengeziwe ihlanganisa ushukela ofakwa ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kokudla noma opakishwa unjalo, futhi ihlanganisa ushukela (ushukela okhululekile, ama-monosaccharide nama-disaccharide), ushukela ophuma kumasiraphu noju, kanye noshukela ophuma kumajusi ezithelo noma emifino ajiyisiwe owedlula inani elingalindeleka kumthamo ofanayo wejusi yezithelo noma yemifino engamaphesenti ayi-100 yohlobo olufanayo. Incazelo ayihlanganisi ijusi yezithelo noma yemifino ejiyiswe kusukela kujusi yezithelo engamaphesenti ayi-100 ethengiselwa abathengi (ngokwesibonelo, ijusi yezithelo engamaphesenti ayi-100 ejiyisiwe futhi eqandisiwe), kanye noshukela othile otholakala kumajusi ezithelo nemifino, kojeli, kojamu, ezithelweni ezigciniwe nasemikhiqizweni yezithelo yokugcoba”.
Codex Alimentarius — izimangalo zokungafakwa kwezithako
7. Izimangalo zokungafakwa kwezithako
7.1 Ukungafakwa kukashukela
Izimangalo zokuthi ushukela awufakwanga ekudleni zingenziwa uma kuhlangatshezwana nale mibandela.
(a) Alukho uhlobo lukashukela olufakwe ekudleni (izibonelo: i-sucrose, i-glucose, uju, i-molasses, isiraphu yommbila nokunye);
(b) Ukudla akunazo izithako ezinoshukela njengengxenye yezithako zazo (izibonelo: ujamu, ujeli, ushokoledi onandisiwe, izingcezu zezithelo ezinandisiwe nokunye);
(c) Ukudla akunazo izithako ezinoshukela ezithatha indawo kashukela owengeziwe (izibonelo: ijusi yezithelo ejiyisiwe engabuyiselwanga emandleni ayo asekuqaleni ngokwengeza amanzi, inhlama eyenziwe ngezithelo ezomisiwe nokunye); futhi
(d) Inani likashukela ekudleni ngokwako alikhushulwanga ngenye indlela ladlula inani elivela ezithakweni (isibonelo: ukusebenzisa ama-enzyme ukwenza i-hydrolysis yesitashi ukuze kukhishwe ushukela).
Zonke izincazelo neziqondiso ezishiwo ngenhla zitholakala ngokugcwele esigabeni sezinkomba.
Njengoba udaba lwethu lwamanje kungumthetho wokudla waseTurkey, ake siluhlole ngokwalo mthetho.
Isigatshana esifanele somthetho wokudla waseTurkey sithi okulandelayo.
| Ushukela | Inani eliphansi | Ushukela ose-100 g wokudla okuqinile akufanele weqe ku-5 g; noma ushukela ose-100 mL wokudla okuwuketshezi akufanele weqe ku-2,5 g. |
|---|---|---|
| Akunashukela | Ushukela ose-100 g wokudla okuqinile noma ose-100 mL wokudla okuwuketshezi akufanele weqe ku-0,5 g. | |
| Awufakwanga ushukela | Ukudla akufanele kuqukathe noma iyiphi i-monosaccharide noma i-disaccharide noma okunye ukudla okufakwe ngenxa yezakhiwo zako zokunandisa. Uma ushukela ukhona ngokwemvelo ekudleni, ilebula kufanele nakanjani ibe namazwi athi “KUQUKETHE USHUKELA OVELE UKHONA NGOKWEMVELO”. |
Ake sihlole isigatshana ngezingxenye zaso.
Isigatshana sithi:
Ukudla akufanele kuqukathe noma iyiphi i-monosaccharide noma i-disaccharide noma okunye ukudla okufakwe ngenxa yezakhiwo zako zokunandisa.
Ake sihlukanise umusho ube izingxenye ezimbili ngaphandle kokushintsha incazelo yawo:
1- Ukudla akufanele kuqukathe noma iyiphi i-monosaccharide noma i-disaccharide.
2- Noma okunye ukudla okufakwe ngenxa yezakhiwo zako zokunandisa.
Isitatimende sibonakala sicacile, akunjalo? Akufanele kuqukathe i-mono- noma i-disaccharide. Ingabe kufanele siqonde ukuthi ukudla akufanele kuqukathe i-mono- noma i-disaccharide ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo? Kodwa kunokuphikisana lapha, ngoba ingxenye yesibili yesigatshana ithi:
Uma ushukela ukhona ngokwemvelo ekudleni, ilebula kufanele nakanjani ibe namazwi athi “KUQUKETHE USHUKELA OVELE UKHONA NGOKWEMVELO”.
Ngakho siyazibuza ukuthi ingabe kunenkinga yokuhumusha, bese sibheka isigatshana sokuqala emthethweni we-EU.
AWUFAKWANGA USHUKELA (isigatshana sokuqala se-EU — ukuhumusha)
Isimangalo esisho ukuthi ushukela awufakwanga ekudleni, kanye nanoma yisiphi isimangalo umthengi angase asiqonde ngendlela efanayo, singenziwa kuphela uma umkhiqizo ungenawo ama-mono- noma ama-disaccharide afakiwe noma okunye ukudla okusetshenziselwa izakhiwo zako zokunandisa.
Uma ushukela ukhona ngokwemvelo ekudleni, kufanele futhi kuvele amagama athi “KUQUKETHE USHUKELA OVELE UKHONA NGOKWEMVELO” kulebula.
Uma sibheka isigatshana sokuqala, amagama aso acacile:
1- umkhiqizo awunawo ama-mono- noma ama-disaccharide afakiwe
Ngakho kuyacaca ukuthi kunenkinga yokuhumusha. Kulokhu siyaqonda ukuthi kufanele sibheke ukuthi ama-mono- noma ama-disaccharide afakiwe yini, kunokubheka ukuthi ukudla kuyawaqukatha yini.
KUTHIWANI NGAMA-POLYOL? AWASHIWO!
Ake sibheke lesi sibonelo:
Cabanga ngokudla okunoshukela ongu-5 % ngokwemvelo, bese kufakwa i-maltitol kukho. Kufanele senziwe kanjani isimangalo somsoco kulesi simo?
Njengoba ukudla kuqukethe ushukela ongu-5 %, akukwazi ukulebulwa ngokuthi “akunashukela”.
Njengoba kufakwe i-maltitol, akufanele futhi kulebulwe ngokuthi “awufakwanga ushukela”, ngoba i-maltitol iyi-disaccharide futhi isigatshana salesi simangalo sithi ama-disaccharide akufanele afakwe, ngaphandle kwamazwi akhipha ama-polyol emkhakheni waso.
Kodwa ingabe lokhu kunengqondo?
Uma ushukela ekudleni ungu-≤ 0,5 %, ngemva kokufaka i-maltitol kungenziwa isimangalo esithi “akunashukela”, kodwa hhayi esithi “awufakwanga ushukela”. Uma lokhu kungasekelwe enkombeni yesayensi, kuwukuphikisana. Ngakho engxenyeni yesibili yesigatshana esifanele, lapho kuchazwa khona ukuthi “awufakwanga ushukela”, kufanele kufakwe ukuthi ama-polyol awafakwanga emkhakheni waso.
Ingabe umkhiqizi ofunda umthetho kufanele acabange kanje?
“Akukho lwazi lokuthi ama-polyol awafakwanga esimangalweni esithi ‘awufakwanga ushukela’, kodwa igama ngokwalo lithi ‘awufakwanga ushukela’, futhi njengoba ama-polyol engafakwanga encazelweni kashukela, ngingasebenzisa le lebula ngisho noma ngifaka i-polyol emkhiqizweni.”
Isigatshana somthetho kufanele sicace futhi siqondakale. I-FDA* ne-Codex Alimentarius ziluchaze ngokucacile nangendlela eqondakalayo lolu daba**, futhi zasho ngokucacile ukuthi izithako ezifakiwe ezishiwo lapha akufanele zibe ushukela. Njengoba isigatshana seKhodi Yokudla YaseTurkey singachazi ukuthi “ngikhuluma ngoshukela”, labo abangaphansi komthetho abazi ukuthi kufanele balandele yiphi indlela.
*Amazwi afanele e-FDA:
Amagama athi “awufakwanga ushukela”, “ngaphandle koshukela owengeziwe” noma “akukho shukela ofakiwe” angasetshenziswa kuphela uma:
(i) Kungekho nani likashukela, njengoba kuchazwe ku-§ 101.9(c)(6)(ii), noma esinye isithako esinoshukela esithatha indawo kashukela owengeziwe ngokomsebenzi waso, esifakwa ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa noma sokupakishwa; futhi
(ii) Umkhiqizo ungenaso isithako esinoshukela owengeziwe, njengojamu, ujeli noma ijusi yezithelo ejiyisiwe; futhi
**Amazwi afanele e-Codex Alimentarius:
(a) Alukho uhlobo lukashukela olufakwe ekudleni (izibonelo: i-sucrose, i-glucose, uju, i-molasses, isiraphu yommbila nokunye);
ISIGABA 2 [2.2]
Manje ake sibheke isiqeshana sesibili sengxenye yokuqala yesigatshana.
| Awufakwanga ushukela | Ukudla akufanele kuqukathe noma iyiphi i-monosaccharide noma i-disaccharide noma okunye ukudla okufakwe ngenxa yezakhiwo zako zokunandisa. Uma ushukela ukhona ngokwemvelo ekudleni, ilebula kufanele nakanjani ibe namazwi athi “KUQUKETHE USHUKELA OVELE UKHONA NGOKWEMVELO”. |
|---|
Ukudla akufanele kuqukathe […] okunye ukudla okufakwe ngenxa yezakhiwo zako zokunandisa.
La mazwi abonakala ecacile futhi angaqondwa ngokuthi akufanele kufakwe okunye ukudla ngenxa yezakhiwo zako zokunandisa.
Nokho, kufanele kubuzwe le mibuzo:
Isiphathimandla sizobona ngayiphi indlela ukuthi isithako sifakwe ngenhloso enjani ekudleni?
Ngokwesibonelo, uma umkhiqizi efaka uju emkhiqizweni wakhe, kufanele awulebule kanjani?
Uma umkhiqizi efaka uju ngenhloso yokunandisa, ebese elungisa ilebula elithi “awufakwanga ushukela”, kuzothathwa siphi isinqumo lapho isiphathimandla simhlola?
Uma umkhiqizi etshelwa ukuthi “usebenzise uju ukunandisa, ngakho ilebula elithi ‘awufakwanga ushukela’ liphambene nomthetho”, bese ephendula athi “cha, ngisebenzise uju njengesibopho sezithako, njengesigcwalisi noma ngenxa yezakhiwo zalo zokusebenza”, isiphathimandla sizothatha yiphi indlela?
Akunakwenzeka ukufunda inhloso esengqondweni yomunye umuntu.
Ngakho lesi sigatshana somthetho sibonakala singacacisiwe futhi sivulekele ukusetshenziswa kabi.
Isimo esisesibonelweni soju siyasebenza nakujusi yezithelo ejiyisiwe nakweminye imikhiqizo engafakwa ukuze ithathe indawo kashukela.
Ingabe akhona amabhrendi emashalofini ezitolo asebenzisa kabi leli gebe?
Sishilo ngenhla ukuthi i-FDA ilubheka ngokuqinile nangokucacile kakhulu lolu daba.
Uma sibheka amazwi e-FDA angezansi, sibona ukuthi imikhiqizo enjengoju ibhekwa ngokucacile njengoshukela.
Ngakho incazelo ye-FDA isivimbela ngokucacile lesi simo esivulekele ukusetshenziswa kabi, lapho kungenakwenzeka ngobuchwepheshe ukuthola ukwephulwa komthetho.
Incazelo ye-FDA
EMelika, iNhlangano Yokudla Nemithi (FDA 2017) ithi “incazelo kashukela owengeziwe ihlanganisa ushukela ofakwa ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kokudla noma opakishwa unjalo, futhi ihlanganisa ushukela (ushukela okhululekile, ama-monosaccharide nama-disaccharide), ushukela ophuma kumasiraphu noju, kanye noshukela ophuma kumajusi ezithelo noma emifino ajiyisiwe owedlula inani elingalindeleka kumthamo ofanayo wejusi yezithelo noma yemifino engamaphesenti ayi-100 yohlobo olufanayo. Incazelo ayihlanganisi ijusi yezithelo noma yemifino ejiyiswe kusukela kujusi yezithelo engamaphesenti ayi-100 ethengiselwa abathengi (ngokwesibonelo, ijusi yezithelo engamaphesenti ayi-100 ejiyisiwe futhi eqandisiwe), kanye noshukela othile otholakala kumajusi ezithelo nemifino, kojeli, kojamu, ezithelweni ezigciniwe nasemikhiqizweni yezithelo yokugcoba”.
Njenge-FDA, i-Codex Alimentarius nayo iluchaza ngokucacile lolu daba.
Codex Alimentarius — izimangalo zokungafakwa kwezithako
7. Izimangalo zokungafakwa kwezithako
7.1 Ukungafakwa kukashukela
Izimangalo zokuthi ushukela awufakwanga ekudleni zingenziwa uma kuhlangatshezwana nale mibandela.
(a) Alukho uhlobo lukashukela olufakwe ekudleni (izibonelo: i-sucrose, i-glucose, uju, i-molasses, isiraphu yommbila nokunye);
(b) Ukudla akunazo izithako ezinoshukela njengengxenye yezithako zazo (izibonelo: ujamu, ujeli, ushokoledi onandisiwe, izingcezu zezithelo ezinandisiwe nokunye);
(c) Ukudla akunazo izithako ezinoshukela ezithatha indawo kashukela owengeziwe (izibonelo: ijusi yezithelo ejiyisiwe engabuyiselwanga emandleni ayo asekuqaleni ngokwengeza amanzi, inhlama eyenziwe ngezithelo ezomisiwe nokunye); futhi
(d) Inani likashukela ekudleni ngokwako alikhushulwanga ngenye indlela ladlula inani elivela ezithakweni (isibonelo: ukusebenzisa ama-enzyme ukwenza i-hydrolysis yesitashi ukuze kukhishwe ushukela).